The Great Depression:

I. Intro
A. Origins:
1. stock market speculation/The Great Crash
Black Tuesday: October 29, 1929
(stock value: 87-55 billion)
2. Farm Depression
3. Worldwide depression
4. Bad Policy: Hawley-Smoot Tariff

B. Impact of the Depression:
1) morally
2) economically
3) emotionally

II. What Did it do to people?
A) Work:
B) Savings:
C) Housing:
D) Eating:

III. How did people deal with it?

A. BY MAKING FEWER PEOPLE:
B. BY HELPING OUT:
C. BY MOVING:
1. . Okies:
2. African-American migration
3. Mexican-American
D. PSYCHOLOGICALLY:
1. Suicide:
2. Nervous breakdowns:
3. Blaming themselves
4. Blaming others:
a) Hoover and other politicians:
b) business interests:
c) women:
d) Mexican-Americans:
e) blacks:

HERE’S A DEEP QUESTION TO PONDER:
Does poverty cause discrimination, discrimination cause poverty, or is there no relationship between the two?

IV. No Single Great Depression Experience:
1. very wealthy
2. Pre-Depression Poor:
3. Middle-class/young middle class:


V. Why Important?

Midterm Study Guide

TEST DATE: Wednesday, 4/22

YOU MUST BRING A NEW BLUE BOOK TO THIS EXAM.

I. TERMS: 6 Terms—you choose and write about five.

Wade-Davis Bill
Johnson’s Restoration
Tenure of Office Act
14th Amendment
Freedmen’s Bureau
Morrill Act
Social Darwinism
Jane Addams
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
Yellow Journalism
USS Maine
Pure Food and Drug Act
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory
Zimmerman Telegram
Edward Bernays
Sheppard-Towner Act
Carrie Nation
17th Amendment
18th Amendment
Volstead Act
19th Amendment


II. ESSAY: Two essay questions—you choose and write one.
The essay questions will come from one or two of the following themes:

1. Reconstruction: Think about the challenges of reconstructing the war-torn nation, how various groups tried to solve those problems, and which plan eventually went into effect.
2. Progressivism: Think about the many movements involved and how successful they each were in improving the world.
3. The 1920s: Think about the “progress” or “decline” model that we discussed in class.
4. Foreign Policy: Think about how the U.S. uses its power around the world.


HOW TO SUCCEED ON THIS TEST: Start early. We know that cramming can work, but it’s never as good as actual disciplined study. Make outlines for each theme. Make sure that your outlines have far more information than you could ever remember. Avoid the big general statements. Instead, add detail to your outline. Then, use those outlines to study; try to rewrite the outline without looking; say the outline out loud in front of a mirror; use the outline to impress your friends at work or at parties; come to office hours and let me see the outline.
The one comment I write more than any other on midterms is “add more detail.” So, learn some details to back up your understanding of the periods we have studied. I want you to do well!

Progressivism Outline

ARE THESE 2 QUOTES CONTRADICTORY?
Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore, Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed, to me: I lift my lamp beside the golden door.
Emma Lazarus, "The New Colossus"

There is no room in this country for hyphenated Americanism...The one absolutely certain way of bringing the nation to ruin, of preventing all possibility of its continuing to be a nation at all, would be to permit it to become a tangle of squabbling nationalities.
Theodore Roosevelt, 1915



The Progressive Era:
I. Origins
Hull House—1889
Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr
http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/10870.html



II. A New Mindset:
Progressivism Defined:
Progressivism was a series of movements designed to combat the ills of industrialism. Some progressives also wanted to control the behavior of the working classes.


Stanley Schultz, Univ. of Wisconsin:
· Government should be more active
· Social problems are susceptible to government legislation and action
· Throw money at the problem
· The world is “perfectible”


III. Progressive Movements:
A. Anti-Trust
Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890
“Every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, is declared to be illegal.”

B. Anti-Lynching (Ida B. Wells-Barnett)

C. Good Government Movement
--17th Amendment=direct election of senators
--referendums and recalls

D. Consumer Protection: The Jungle
Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

IV. Progressivism in Practice:

TRIANGLE SHIRTWAIST FIRE OF 1911

A. The ILGWU Strike:
B. Fire on the Factory Floor
C. Reporters and the Visibility of Triangle
1. "Love Affair in Mid-Air"
2. Mortillalo and Zito
D. The Public Response

V. Progressivism in Practice Elsewhere/Progressivism Abroad

As a Progressive, you believe that you have the correct way to live and that through the proper use of government you can help other live that way. What are the boundaries, the frontiers of your belief? In other words, how far are you willing to go with this belief?

STUDS TERKEL READING GUIDE

You may want to print this out to use as you read this great book.
As with other reading guides, this is not "due" in class but is something that will help you navigate the reading.

1. Read the Introduction;
2. Read one story from each section;
3. Fill out the following form;


Write the name of the story you read for each section:


A Sunday Morning ____________

A Chance Encounter ____________

Tales of the Pacific ____________

The Good Reuben James ____________

Rosie ____________

Neighborhood Boys ____________

Reflections on Machismo ____________

High Rank ____________

The Bombers and the Bombed ____________

Growing Up: Here and There ____________

D-Day and All That ____________

Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy ____________

Sudden Money ____________

The Big Panjandrum ____________

Flying High ____________

Up Front with Pen, Camera, and Mike __________

Crime and Punishment ____________

A Turning Point ____________

Chilly Winds ____________

Is You Is or Is you Aint my Baby ____________

Remembrance of Things Past ____________

Epilogue ____________

Carnegie

To the left is Carnegie's Lucy Furnace

To the right

is a Bessemer converter,

used in the crucial

Bessemer process.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

Here

is

the

Carnegie Mansion,

at 5th and 91st

in NYC.

Industrialism

I. Why was there such vast growth so rapidly in the U.S.?

1. War: Why would war encourage industrial growth?

Example #1: Morrill Act (1862)

Example #2: Railroads:
1860: 30,000 miles of r.r.
1864: Congress grants 131 million acres
1910: 240,000 miles of railway

2. Resources: land, raw materials, people,
ideas=booooooom!

1864: 872,000 tons of iron and steel
1919: more than 24 million tons

1860: 20 million tons of coal
1910: 500 million tons of coal

1860: 500,000 barrels of petroleum
1910: 209 million barrels of petroleum


3. Integration:

a. Horizontal Integration:
--monopolize one part of the productive process

Example: meatpacking plants


b. Vertical Integration:
--monopolize all elements of productive process

Example: Andrew Carnegie: mining iron ore, own blast furnaces(factories), own shops, own ships, own railroad and rail lines



4. Mindset:

a. Small Government is Best:
Laissez faire: “let it do”

Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations (1776)

b. Aggressive Business Mentality:
The Robber Barons

Andrew Carnegie—FRIDAY

J.P. Morgan

Jay Gould: “Mephistopheles of Wall Street”
Cornelius Van Derbilt:


Gentlemen:
You have undertaken to cheat me. I will not sue you, for law takes too long. I will ruin you.
Sincerely,
CVD


c. Justifying the New World:
How do you justify the world when fabulous wealth and wretched poverty exist so closely together?


The New Impoverished City

Rapid Urbanization:
1860: 25 million Americans lived in rural areas

6.2 million in what the Bureau of the Census
called "urban territory" (2500 or more)

1910: 42 million of the 92 million in urban areas


Tenement Buildings:
1879 NYC law declared that every room must have a window and every floor must have a bathroom

Contamination:
1877-Philadelphia: 82,000 privies

Boston Harbor was “one vast cesspool, a threat to all
the towns it washed.”

Crime-Filled:
Murder Rate: 1266 in 1881
7340 in 1898
(an increase of 25 per million people, to 107 per million people)

Women in Workforce:
1/7th of the Paid workforce
(2.6 million of the 17.4 million)
500,000 married, yet they were paid less than
men, especially after 1900 when the “family wage” idea spread.

Immigration:
Newspaper in 1900: "It is well known that nearly every foreigner…goes armed. Some carry revolvers, while many others hide huge ugly knives upon their person."

1890-1900: 3.5 million
1900-1910: 7 million


Child Labor:
1900: 700,000 10 and 15 year olds in workforce.

--Monangah, West Virginia, 1911:
Martin Honick

Children Working in the cotton mills (Tennessee Valley)
"They were children only in age…little, solemn pygmy people, whom poverty had canned up and compressed…the juices of childhood had been pressed our…no talking in the mill…no singing…they were more dead than alive when at seven o clock, the Steam Beast uttered the last volcanic howl which said they might go home…in a speechless, haggard, over-worked procession."



(we’re still “Justifying the New World”)
William Graham Sumner:
Social Darwinism





What if you do not want to justify the disparity between rich and poor? What could you do?

II. Progressivism:
Mulberry Bend (so dangerous and impoverished, it was destroyed to make the park below)

"RECONSTRUCTING A BROKEN UNION"

I. Reconstruction
A. PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION
--Lincoln
--Johnson
B. CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION
--Thaddeus Stevens & Charles Sumner
--Wade-Davis Bill (ironclad oath)
--Freedmen's Bureau
C. JOHNSON'S “RESTORATION”
--Black Codes
D. RADICALS STRIKE BACK
1. First Civil Rights Bill
2. First Reconstruction Acts
3. 14th Amendment
4. Tenure of Office Act
5. Fifteenth Amendment
E. The Compromise of 1877